Cayo coco weather november, Premier Club #3 (Winter 2008-2009)
Мы поздравляем друг друга, веселимся и обмениваемся подарками. Studies have shown that hydrogen has unique properties that make it considered the most optimal and safe antioxidant. Over time, you will notice that it takes less and less time to memorize. It is true that more men than women usually come to this island country. В статье обозначается проблема того, что идентичность и идентификация территории осу- ществляется применительно к образу территории, а не к реальной территории, репрезента- ция «присваивает» функции идентификации, образ становится неотделим в массовом сознании от реальности.
Time will tell whether this ров. Горячие дискуссии, бурные обсуждения, project of the first Russian tourism brand will споры в отношении графического решения, be successful. Очевидно, что эта тема останется brand, on their own experience will be able to в мейнстриме и в следующем году. And this is the thematic interest of the туристу, который сможет разглядеть в нем authors of articles published in the current issue что-то свое, что сподвигнет его на собствен- of the journal.
И это тематический интерес interesting, and expand the horizons of knowl- авторов статей, размещенных в текущем edge. Tourism brands namely are intended for выпуске журнала. Редакция будет рада, если these purposes. So we wish you to meet in изложенные на страницах выпуска мысли the new year as many different tourist brands и идеи послужат положительной задаче раз- as possible!
Новый год обязательно принесет всем нашим читателям что-то новое, откроет нечто интересное, расширит горизонты познания.
А именно для этих целей и существуют ту- ристские бренды. Так пусть же Вам в новом году встречается как можно больше разных туристских брендов! Главный редактор, д. Editor-in-chief, Prof. Афанасьев Oleg E. Afanasiev 6. Drawing insights from the strategy literature, the competitive advantage of Cuba in tourism is explained.
We conclude the discussion by highlighting the hope that Obama kindled and the fears that Trump brought back in. Introduction ship brings a couple of hundred visitors, Cuba has always been a popular desti- coastal cities are overwhelmed. Notwith- nation for the American tourists. US Prohi- standing, the Cuban authorities are presump- bition in the s made Americans find in tuous about their ability to handle any num- Cuba a place to escape to.
American tourists ber of additional visitors. If American tourists did not hate Cuba, even during the bitterest to Cuba increase, it will not be easy to provide days in the US-Cuba relations. The political them with the required facilities. As we write this book, the island nations look forward is to see how the American policy towards Cuba is flip-flop- relaxing US embargo on Cuba would affect ping.
It is not evident that they have with Cuba Romeu, Some experts, however, are but his interim directives have made travel of the view that there are enough tourists to to Cuba harder. There is wide- overall tourism demand for the Caribbean. Many multinational hotel developers ing from Cuba. With the Venezuelan crisis, have expressed interest in investing in the gasoline is already being rationed in Cuba.
As of now, Cuba does not The Cuban economy fell overall in , have the tourism-focused infrastructure to despite a significant hike in tourism related support any more additional tourists, even revenue. Cuba cannot import even essential during the off-peak seasons.
Professionalism commodities due to its fast-emptying for- in the industry is yet to be developed and ma- eign exchange reserves. The quickest way tured. The tourism product in Cuba right now to replenish foreign exchange probably is is in a state of flux. Even when a small cruise tourism. But, Cuban authorities are taking 7.
That said, there is also a helped resurrect the Cuban tourism in the 70s. The Havana Hil- foreign governments. These and the face of the U.
The newly constructed hotels were lapse, following the fall of the Soviet Union, in modest in appearance, keeping in view the the late s and early s.
By , Cuba was attracting over geted the three most promising sectors of , tourists. With, to date, tourism during this period. How- assumed a central position in the national ever, tourism to Cuba from the Eastern bloc economy.
The source and destination in the early years led to many mistakes, in- governments incentivized it; also, the tourists cluding sub-standard construction, uncon- did not want their money to go to the capi- trolled sex tourism, tumultuous relations talists. Government planners rapidly and management in a comprehensive manner. The result was tions would adulterate culture and values. Cuban residents constantly felt for every tourism dollar it collected.
In an otherwise col- formed until , and it played a very minor lectivistic society, everyone began to distrust role in tourism development and planning others and thought each other to be secret for the first years after its formation.
Tourism government agents. Yet, given the similarities development was largely fragmented and in the institutional characteristics of socialist uncoordinated among a half-dozen national countries, tourists from the Eastern bloc felt para-state corporations Henthorne, George, at home when they traveled to Cuba. As early developed by the Soviet Union. What hap- flow of ideas, Cuba encouraged group tours. The coming of Mikhail Gorbachev es with the implicit objective of showcasing to power as the President of the Soviet Union specific achievements of the state.
Tourists and his friendly gestures to the US did now were led to museums, housing projects, facto- however help with the US-Cuba relations. It ries, farms, universities, and defense facilities was felt as if the US would settle for nothing and the narrative was mediated with the help less than an absolute fall of the Castro regime.
The vibrancy of social institutions and how that Cuba, All Alone: Era of Overtourism could not have been achieved without a revo- The demise of the Soviet Union in lution were always at the center of narration. It inaugurated the too found a champion in Cuba.
Imports and among them took trips to Havana. The disintegration of Soviet Union US led tyranny. Even some progressive church forced Castro to find other means of survival. Also allowed people. They did not see or chose not to see small businesses in certain sectors most sec- the subjugation of individual liberty, persecu- tors are still largely under Army control. Finally, those Americans who came the departure of Soviet investments in were not impressed with their own govern- Cuba. The Cuban gov- ternatives and they could not but glorify the ernment which had been the sole provider of alternative at their next neighborhood.
Many the fundamental needs of its citizenry terribly western intellectuals felt themselves aliens in felt the heat of it. Food shortages and out- their own land and found some fancy in the ages were common, gas prices peaked, citi- developments of Cuban political economy. Castro took out the last remaining for- By , the Soviet Union was reassess- eign currency savings to import bicycles from ing its overseas commitments.
Cuba was get- China. This was way too untenable for the vival is a popular alternative chosen by newly crumbling Soviet economy. Castro was divert- liberated and ex-socialist countries White- ing part of the aid to support proletarian rev- head, The transition to a market ori- olutions and regimes in various other parts of ented economy in such countries is often in- the world.
Ironically, this was not seen favor- augurated with unbridled tourism promotion ably in the USSR. In , is that it quickly and massively brings in pro- Castro was forced to withdraw his forces from fessional values such as customer service into Angola. Cuba seemed to have anticipated the workforce. Also, tourism development can 9. This led to the development of hos- such as transportation and communication.
Oil accepted into one of the training schools. Even the US citizens could vis- The school authorities would direct the it Cuba, although they had to fly via another candidates to various specialization areas in country.
The majority of clientele came from the industry. The schools also assigned the the Europe, South America, and Canada. By graduates to particular properties to work.
The largest visitor base ban pesos. Elements of centralized vocational were Canadians, over quarter of a million. Numer- Prostitution comes to mind. During the rule of ous all-inclusive properties were developed to Batista, prostitution was prevalent among the cater to the new tourist segments.
Since the poor rural women. Just before Castro came to Cuban government did not have the money power, Cuba had more than hundred thou- to invest, joint ventures with international in- sand prostitutes. More than a couple of thou- vestors began to be allowed. Spain emerged sands of men found job as pimps. This came to become the most major trading partner in to a sudden stop during the rule of Castro, un- tourism. Even though the foreign investors til the Special Period.
With tourism back in the invested all the money, the joint venture was center point of economic development in the framed as if it were a Cuban majority venture. Tourism exacerbated the wealth of stake in these ventures ensured continued differences and equivalent master-slave social State control over the industry.
Tourists shortage of service personnel like bar ten- could take prostitutes to casas particulares ders, waiters, housekeepers, etc. Tips paid in the foreign currency en- service of prostitutes. It is not uncommon Cu- abled hospitality workers to fetch the luxuries ban Police officers tracking prostitutes, not to unavailable for the others. A schoolteacher bring them to law but to collect bribe to sup- earning Cuban pesos a month could earn plant their skimpy salaries.
The proliferation the same amount in a day as a waiter. Especially ties such as doctors, engineers, lawyers, etc. Some of these had to formalize employment requirements private rooms were sold for a little over five to work in the tourism industry Domenech, dollars for three hours. These added an extra flair to the Cuban galized, it continued to happen and the au- tourism. Jineterismo appeared International Terminal 3 of the Jose Mar- in various other forms such as unregulated ti international airport in Havana was built in tour guiding, informal renting of personal This tremendously expanded the in- cars, and selling counterfeit goods.
Jineteros, ternational connectivity to Cuba. Alongside, those who practiced jineterismo, spoke Eng- secondary airports such as those in Varadero lish and became the interface between tour- and Santiago de Cuba began to cater to inter- ists and the Cuban people. Even during the national airliners. With these, it became so embargo, Spaniards and Canadians sought much easier for an international traveler to prostitutes; some explicitly demanded under- reach Cuba. It was closer, especially for of private sector.
This mainly included self-em- those in the North America. Self-employment is available International tourism and visitors to in strictly defined categories. Joint ven- Cuba expanded dramatically, pouring much tures in Cuba are neither in the private sector needed hard currency into the island cof- nor in the government sector.
Since more than fers. Employees in these joint venture com- The big growth in international tourism to panies are sourced from a government con- Cuba missed the US customers and the in- trolled employment exchange, too. The first new property opened in Cuba in the post-Soviet era was the Spain Theoretical Explanation of the Cuban based Melia properties owned Cohiba hotel. Competitive Advantage There has been continued all-inclusive prop- Cluster Theory. Porter offers a erty boom in Varadero and neighboring ar- succinct definition of the central idea con- eas, but with no US or USSR presence.
Cuba is geographically proximate group of intercon- now faced with the need to find tourism rev- nected companies and associated institutions enue from tourist originating countries other in a particular field, linked by commonalities than their original sources.
Spain continued to global economy today, this theory suggests, maintain its key investor status, but countries are those which are characterized by such like Mexico, Canada, Jamaica, UK, and Germa- clusters of industries.
Cluster theory remains a very productive All-inclusive resort based tourism meant field within the general economic develop- less spending outside these properties and ment literature, generating both extensions to less movement of tourists. One comparison, these properties were priced low of the major areas of criticism of cluster the- and hence became very popular for the price ory today concerns its application to emerg- conscious tourists.
Despite significant quality ing economies. At best, such economies are improvements, there existed very little prod- likely to possess only incomplete industrial uct differentiation across these properties.
Additionally, such most part. This period also saw the beginning economies are more dependent on external This planning of this analysis seeks to evaluate the robust- has been further encouraged by the work of ness of existing regional industrial clusters. One tech- companies such as Consultores Asociados, nique for applying qualitative rigor to such S.
The technique is ic scales, from national to neighborhood. The widely employed in professional practice as Ministry of Tourism presently identifies eight a tool for analyzing both the strengths and priority tourism development regions across weaknesses among such linkages. There is no the island, each intended to have a distinctive standardized format for such maps, however, identity. Just as significant from a strategic per- or the elements that are to be included.
Later authors historic district of greater Havana. Michael provides a First, the RBV assumes that strategic resourc- more optimistic assessment of the potential es within an industry may be heterogeneously for cluster-based tourism development within distributed among firms within the industry. In recent years, Cuba tial competition; c it must be imperfectly For example, the quality of Cu- make more extensive and prominent ban art and craftsmanship such as cigars use of this theoretical foundation in their contributes to a strong overall tourism prod- analysis of competing tourism destinations uct.
First, Cuba is widely thought The such as distinctive architecture and vintage most comparable international destination in automobiles. Second, in contrast to cluster this respect may be New Orleans. Al- sustainable? This section presents an evalu- though stronger than in , industrial link- ation of the current state of Cuban tourism ages remain one of the weakest aspects of industry strategy, based on the combined the development of the Cuban tourism indus- perspectives of cluster and resource-based try.
Of course, this weakness is more rule than bodies of theory. In his discussion of Woo In the earliest phases of conventional sense. However, Cubans hotel development and operations, includ- do have a long tradition of domestic tourism.
Simon and oth- vest in necessary capacity and production fac- er observers have noted the lack of tourism- tors. Like many other Caribbean destinations, related services available as potential linkages Cuba remains dependent upon international within the Cuban tourism industry complex, producers for taxis, buses, planes, and other including entertainment venues, tourist-ori- necessary vehicular infrastructure. There has been international carriers and charter operators.
Greenhouse produc- One of the greatest sources of economic tion now supplies more of the year-round leakage for Cuba, like most of its smaller Carib- vegetable needs of the Cuban tourism in- bean competitors, remains energy. Extensive dustry. The country now produces over 95 exploration for petroleum around the island percent of the demand for beer and bottled has provided little return Frank a , with water Figueras , along with most glass, the result that Cuba is now heavily dependent aluminum, and plastic containers.
There is on and deeply in debt to Venezuela. In terms of services, malls in the the low season, a total of approximately 4, principal tourism centers now sell a variety of rooms. Very nearly all domestic industrial mains intractable for Cuba, as in much of the linkages in the country link directly back to developing world Pattullo Tourism industries, headquarters, suppliers, and ser- restaurant cuisine, for example, is dominated vices in greater Havana.
The result tions of hotel properties. For example, Cuban tourism sity to purchase imported foodstuffs. Historic architecture ex- along with other imported inputs.
Cuba also has invested exten- other natural resources. The na- culture. Again, these cannot be readily imitat- tional highway network has many needs, but ed or substituted by competing destinations. Cuba has made significant strides in Viewed through the perspective of resource- the past decade toward addressing this need.
Such training is vital resources, human capital resources, and or- to tourism development, but again does not ganizational capital resources.
With regard to represent true strategic competitive advan- physical resources, sun or sand do not satisfy tage. The is common in Jamaica and other Caribbean average Cuban student attains an 11th grade destinations.
The University of Havana of- highways; these improvements are imitable fers tourism specializations within traditional or substitutable in terms of sustained strate- fields of study, including business and eco- gic advantage for tourism. At present, Cuba competes on the basis MINTUR estimates that 20 percent of workers of comparatively low labor costs relative to in the tourism sector are university graduates the region, but this is not necessarily sustain- MINTUR This cannot be imitated by able.
There are ample examples of labor sub- regional competitors over the near term. Cruise ship In terms of organizational resources, crews, for example, demonstrate that low- Cuba again does not possess immediate wage labor positions can be substituted by competitive advantage. To date, the highest- employing laborers from outside the region. Cuba may tional outsourcing. The educated human resource face of much greater challenges and com- base Cuba possesses could provide truly rare petitiveness.
Information technology, for ex- capability in the Caribbean region for creating ample, is growing rapidly in the industry as a an innovative industry that can adapt to nega- potentially strategic resource for gaining com- tive shocks and capitalize effectively on new petitive advantage in property development, opportunities that emerge.
Cuba, as a Firm Strategy, Structure, and Rivalry. This has as shown in Figure 1, is in turn subdivided into been adapted to the tourism industry. The Na- options. Porter cautions of the dangers tional Institute for Economic Research has an of pursuing too broad a mix of strategies: office devoted to tourism research and analy- sis.
MINTUR is initiating a national network of The worst strategic error is to be stuck in university centers for tourism data collection the middle, or to try simultaneously to pursue and research. Colleges within the University all the strategies. This is a recipe for strategic of Havana have research programs on tour- mediocrity and below-average performance, ism, including economic and environmental because pursuing all the strategies simultane- impact analyses.
As a result, Cuban managers ously means that a firm is not able to achieve and policy makers have the potential for bet- any of them because of their inherent contra- ter access to information and research than dictions. After a preliminary other cultural resources. It is much less clear emphasis on budget package tourism in the how the country plans to fully capitalize on early s upper left quadrant , the Ministry its human resource endowment.
Superior of Tourism now maintains an aggressive focus human resources potentially give Cuba the on higher-scale hotel development. Fully realized human op common standards. This strategy is repre- capital resources have the potential not only sented in the upper-right quadrant of Figure 1. The result is not simply trainable staff, but Vieja district. The nature of the strategy appears more Even more concerning from the stand- diffuse outside of Havana.
Presently, Cuba point of competitive rivalry, is the dramatic lacks an overall distinctive, encompassing restructuring and concentration of the tour- image. The general idea in recent years has ism sector in In July, plans were tourism, and hunting and fishing. However, this government banned the use of U.
In the absence of clear differentiation, The full extent and impacts of these poli- the only strategy outside Havana appears to cies can only be speculated on as of this writ- be that of cost leadership focused in higher- ing. Obviously, however, these policies mark market traditional sun and sand tourism.
To be successful in this strategy, liberalization. The role of competitive rivalry Cuba must establish a reputation for high val- clearly appears to be significantly diminished ue for the money. Currently, Cuba struggles to in the Cuban economy and tourism industry. However, geographic tourism growth poles across the since , the distinctions among these cor- island.
Mexico, for example, has achieved porations have blurred considerably. Less dramatically, but still tive resources. Resource-based strategies ements of chance in the tourism industry. These are all avail- flexible, innovative, and adaptive enough to able elsewhere in the Caribbean, but Cuba weather such shocks, and even potentially could potentially offer a lower-cost advantage recognize and capitalize on opportunities that through its experience in these sectors, supe- they may present.
Cuba, since nearly all aspects of the tourism Just as important as strategy, however, industry ultimately pertain to the govern- the cluster literature emphasizes the critical ment. In the present sense, the Government role of rivalry among competing firms within of Cuba refers to in its many important roles an industrial cluster.
These roles include stra- provement and innovation. These roles also importantly the most important source of cluster econo- include, though, more subtle but pervasive in- mies is generated by the forces of competition fluences of government policy that can either in product innovation; quality enhancement; encourage or retard competitive entrepre- the adoption of process innovations; and the neurship and rivalry.
Without the element the reopening of the US embassy in Havana of rivalry, however, cluster theory suggests Bustamante, With this announce- tourism industry and resulting overall eco- ment came the easing of restrictions on bank- nomic development. Chance and Government. It should be noted that private sector, especially during periods of re- these categories do not include leisure travel.
The recent changes would provide an As a result of this, it is still not legal for US citi- added impetus to private business endeavors.
This, coupled Cuba would not call it a move to capitalism. Additionally, all U. The scinded in January Many re- empty flights.
On September 27, ecutive orders on Cuba. All the progress made , Obama announced his pick for the am- in mending relationships during the previous bassador to Cuba, first time in over 50 years.
President Trump already announced Despite this, the embargo remains in some policy changes regarding Cuba. Americans travelling to Cuba must tions. Some critics are of the view that Trump still fall into one of the approved visa catego- does not have an innate enmity against Cuba: ries.
The 12 categories of authorized travel some reports emerged during his Presiden- to Cuba are: family visits; official business of tial campaigns suggest that his companies the U. The joke in town is that Trump journalistic activity; professional research and will go by the last man he talked with. We professional meetings; educational activi- would think Trump will follow his instincts as ties; religious activities; public performances, a shrewd businessman and his decisions will clinics, workshops, athletic and other com- be guided by realpolitik.
A permit If someone argues that partment, is all that is needed still. The Cu- Cuba will crumble down without interna- ban partner, as always, is the government.
Cuba has lower Hotel property management companies have child mortality and higher literacy rate than found this deeply troubling. In typical agree- the US. The data available from the World ments, the hotel management companies get Bank over the last half-decade of the devel- to manage the profits and costs arising out of opment history of Cuba attests to that. The the operations and also manage employee trends in the life expectancy of Cubans, Cu- relations. Racial tensions in their marketing efforts.
Cuba have subsided. To the shame of the US, International hotel companies, after almost half of the members of the Cuban par- their initial enthusiasm, learned this bitter liament are women and so are more than half lesson: the untrained Cuban government em- of the university professors.
Also, Cuba has ployees administering the affairs of the hotel, eradicated homelessness altogether. Cuba receives, or the quality of food and beverages downplays it as a capitalist ploy.
Cuba is afraid being served in the hotel, over none of which that the Western propaganda will spew ven- the management company has any control, om upon the Cuban citizens if uncontrolled ac- could still bring them global brand disre- cess is given to the Western media. Notwith- pute. If traditional businesses fail, there is a standing this, in , Sprint-Nextel based in bright beacon of hope in the emerging shar- the US inaugurated the first ever access to ing economy.
Airbnb is a resounding success, the Internet for the Cubans. The purchase of and many foreign tourists seeking authentic personal computers was made legal in Cuban experiences prefer to book their ac- With more recent Chinese investments, Cuba commodation using their services. There is poised to step up its role in the cyber game.
The US has historically exercised its in Cuba. Some banks in Cuba accept payments global diplomatic influence to threaten every processed through Mastercard. Coca-Cola is other country thinking of investing in Cuba sold in Cuba, although it is imported through Walsh, Russia and China the epicenter of anti-Cuban propaganda have taken a more strategic approach with re- in the US continue to lobby against mend- gard to investment: Chinese companies invest ing relationships.
So, during the embargo, heavily in infrastructure projects and Russian even some of the utmost willing European companies are partners with Cuba in some or Canadian businesses could not meaning- of their advanced pharmaceutical research fully engage with Cuba.
Cuba does realize projects. Empresa de Telecomunicaciones de this. ETECSA , the government owned age and there is no named natural successor telecom provider in Cuba, has received sig- in place, even the top brass in the adminis- nificant investment from the Chinese telecom tration is considering more democratically giant Huawei. A news item quoting the Cuban world its intention to do business on a global National Electoral Commission chair Alina Yet, the chain of ac- would be elected by the legislators elected tions initiated by the US government and also by people.
These changes will make it harder the changing dynamics within the Cuban gov- for the US to continue with the embargo, too ernment have created a surprising point of Zheng, Cuba is phases of socioeconomic development that always an enigma for the scholars.
References 1. Arizona Department of Commerce Arizona Tourism Cluster. Barney, J. Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage. Journal of Management, 17 1 : 99— Benitez, S. US-Cuba relations: a new wave of confrontation? Vestnik RUDN. International Relations, 17 3 , — Boxall, P. Bustamante, M. Cuba in the Crosshairs: With the Cuban economy struggling and with politi- cal change underway on both sides of the Florida Straits, the nature and terms of US-Cuba normaliza- tion look uncertain.
Clancy, P. European Planning Studies, 9 1 : 7— Work- ing paper. Domenech, D. A Look at the Educational Structure in Cuba. The Education Digest, 83 3 , Dominguez, F. Trump and Latin America: continuity and change. Soundings, 66 66 , 90— Economist October 16 : 33— Figueras, M.
Presentation to the Latin American Studies Association. Font, M. From planning to market: a framework for Cuba. Bulletin of Latin American Research, 35 2 , — Frank, M.
Ruedan Cabezas en el Sector del Turismo. Working paper.
Gollub, J. Gran Caribe Henthorne, T. Unique selling propositions and destination branding: A longitudinal perspective on the Caribbean tourism in transition.
Journal of Travel Research, 42 1 : 84— International Journal of Business Insights and Transformation, 3 1 , 20— Hill, E. Economic Development Quarterly, 14 1 : 65— Hill, M. Urban Heritage, Development and Sustainability. International Frameworks, National and Local Governance, — Hoskisson, R. Strategy in Emerging Economies.
Academy of Management Journal, 43 3 : — Annals of Tourism Research, 24 4 : — Competitive Potential of Tourism in Destinations. An- nals of Tourism Research, — Miami Herald La Habana Sigue Apostando por el Turismo. Michael, E. Tourism Micro-Clusters. Miller, M. Morris, E. Unexpected Cuba. New Left Review, 88, 5— Pattullo, P. Peng, M. Journal of Management, — Porter, M. New York: Free Press. The Competitive Advantage of Nations. Clusters and the New Economics of Competition.
Harvard Business Review, 76 6 : 77— Economic Development Quarterly, 14 1 : 15— Romeu, R. Rumbaut, R. Scarpaci, J. Simon, F. Joseph Koo: The Way of the Dragon [w. Allison Burik: Be the Dragon Realm, self-released Feist: Borrow Trouble Multitudes, Polydor Pottery: Smooth Operator No.
Boeckner: Lose Boeckner! Kaytranada: Weight Off [w. Badbadnotgood] Treezy: Untouchable [w. Say it as we hover ahead on bended knee: YES!
Clark: Wedding Sus Dog, Throttle Chai: We the Female! Basement Jaxx: A Possibility [w. Amp Fiddler] Scars, XL Isola: Aquarius LP1, Smartdumb Babe Corner: Takedown Crybaby, self-released Skee Mask: One for Vertigo C, self-released Somehow we made this far.
Somehow you made it here too. Constellation Undecided Drone Day, self-released A2. Melbourne Dada Group: Wubbo Music [w. La Monte Young: Excerpt "31 69 C. We also pay tribute to another Ryan whilst recapping the recent Emmys in relation to music. Kylie V: Anomaly Aquarian Letters Light Blending In: Heartbeat self-released Patrick Holland: Ending with Verdicchio Cabbaggage: M.
The National: The Alcott [w. Miguel: Number 9 [w. Plush III, Plush Christmas Day means the 1st true day of the 12 days of Christmas. Santa said. Gabrielle Shonk] self-released First Base: Merry Xmas Everybody self-released Blondie: Yuletide Throwdown [w.
Город женщин Ежегодный международный фестиваль современного искусства представляет произведения художниц разных стран мира, неравнодушных к социальным проблемам. LIFFe — Международный кинофестиваль Кинофестиваль в Любляне знакомит зрителей с лучшими творениями мировой киноиндустрии за прошедший год.
Во время фестиваля проводятся показы оцениваемых жюри фильмов разных категорий, а также сопутствующие мероприятия. Декабрь в Любляне Праздничную ярмарку в нарядно украшенном Старом городе дополняет обширная и разнообразная программа других бесплатных мероприятий под открытым небом. Next Section. You can select up to 9 travelers in total.
Adult Minimum: 1, Maximum: 9. Child Minimum: 0, Maximum: 9. Infant Minimum: 0, Maximum: 9. Cancellation Policy.
September 1. September 2. You can cancel up to 24 hours in advance of the experience for a full refund. This experience requires good weather. Lowest Price Guarantee. Send it to us Email priceguarantee viator.
